Your sleep tracker gave you a bad grade. Your ancestors would laugh.
June 17, 2026 · Nesse & Williams, Why We Get Sick~5 min read
It's 3:14 a.m. You're awake — not panicked, just awake, the ordinary way humans have been awake in the dark for a hundred thousand years. You reach for your phone out of habit. In the morning the ring will tell you: sleep score 64. "Restless." "Below your baseline." And now a night that was completely normal has been re-filed, by a $300 piece of plastic on your finger, as a failure. Tomorrow you'll try harder to sleep — which is roughly like trying harder to fall in love. There's a name for where this goes.
A disorder named after good intentions
In 2017, sleep researcher Kelly Glazer Baron coined orthosomnia — from ortho, "correct," and somnia, "sleep": an unhealthy fixation on achieving "perfect" sleep, fueled by tracker data. Her clinic kept seeing the same patient — someone whose sleep was basically fine until a wearable convinced them it wasn't, after which the anxiety about the numbers became a genuine sleep problem. As Oura rings and WHOOP bands turn rest into a nightly leaderboard, clinicians report more of it. The cruel twist is built into the loop: you check the score, the score says "poor," the worry spikes, the worry makes sleep harder, and tomorrow's score is worse — proof, your anxious brain decides, that you were right to worry.
Your sleep was not designed by an app
This is where evolutionary medicine changes the whole conversation. In Why We Get Sick, Randolph Nesse and George Williams argue that to understand the body you have to ask what it was shaped for. And your sleep architecture was shaped, over millions of years, by natural selection — not by a sleep-stage algorithm calibrated to a marketing idea of "optimal." The deep question the book keeps asking is exactly the one to ask here: is this thing my body is doing actually a defect, or a design I've misread? Because the two look identical to a panicked 3 a.m. mind, and to a wearable that only knows how to grade.
Waking at 3 a.m. is a feature, not a bug
Here's what the score doesn't know. Waking in the night is not a malfunction; for most of human history it was the norm. The historian Roger Ekirch found, across centuries of diaries and letters, that people before artificial light routinely slept in two shifts — a "first sleep" and a "second sleep" with a calm waking hour between, used for praying, talking, or just lying still. Studies of present-day foraging peoples find plenty of brief night wakings too. Light, broken, shifting sleep is the ancestral pattern your body still runs. But a tracker, knowing none of this, scores those wakings as fragmentation and stamps the night "poor." The figure below shows the loop that stamp sets spinning.
Orthosomnia — coined in 2017 by sleep researcher Kelly Glazer Baron — is an unhealthy fixation on 'perfect' sleep, driven by tracker data; clinicians report a rise as Oura rings and WHOOP bands turn rest into a nightly score. Evolutionary medicine (Nesse & Williams' Why We Get Sick) reframes the panic: your sleep architecture was tuned by natural selection, not by an app. Waking in the night and lighter, broken-up sleep are normal ancestral patterns — historian Roger Ekirch documented widespread segmented sleep before artificial light, and forager studies find plenty of night waking — yet a wearable scores them as 'poor.' Chasing a perfect number is a modern mismatch, and the worry it breeds can itself wreck the very sleep you're tracking. Popular science, not medical advice; persistent sleep problems warrant a doctor, and figures are best checked against the original studies.
The mismatch is the metric
Why We Get Sick has a name for the gap between the body evolution built and the world we now live in: mismatch. Most of the book's diseases of civilization — the ones in which our Stone-Age bodies meet a modern environment and lose — are mismatches. Orthosomnia is a strange, very 2026 new one: not a mismatch between an ancient body and modern food or light, but between an ancient body and a modern number. There is no evolved need to score 90. The need is to be rested. And the tragic mechanism is that the pursuit of the number actively sabotages the thing the number was supposed to measure. You can't will yourself to sleep, and you certainly can't anxiously optimize your way there. Sleep, like falling in love, arrives only when you stop chasing it.
What this means before bed tonight
None of this means trackers are useless, or that real sleep disorders aren't real — they are, and they deserve a doctor, not a gadget. It means: hold the number loosely. A few moves. Watch weekly trends, never the single-night score, which is noisy and frequently just wrong about your sleep stages. If a normal 3 a.m. waking comes, don't fight it and don't grade it — lie there, the way your great-grandparents did, and let the second sleep come. Decide each morning whether you even open the app, before you've consulted the only sensor that matters: how you actually feel. And if the data itself has become the thing keeping you up, the most evidence-based move available is to take the ring off for a couple of weeks. Your ancestors slept — badly, brokenly, beautifully — with no score at all.
There's no evolved need to score 90. The need is to be rested.
Chasing the perfect number sabotages the very thing the number was meant to measure.
Framework from Randolph Nesse and George Williams' Why We Get Sick (尼斯与威廉斯《我们为什么生病》) — evolutionary mismatch and the defect-vs-defense question. "Orthosomnia" was coined by Kelly Glazer Baron (2017); the segmented "first/second sleep" pattern is documented by historian Roger Ekirch. Popular science, not medical advice; persistent sleep problems warrant a clinician, and figures are best checked against the original studies (the book's source edition is a scanned text — verify specific data against the original).
分数不知道的,是这件事。夜里醒来不是故障;在人类历史的大部分时间里,它就是常态。历史学家 Roger Ekirch 翻遍几个世纪的日记与书信发现,人工照明之前的人,惯常分两觉睡——「第一觉」和「第二觉」,中间夹着一段平静的清醒时辰,用来祷告、说话,或只是静静躺着。对今天采集狩猎族群的研究,也发现不少短暂的夜醒。浅的、断的、错落的睡眠,是你身体至今还在跑的祖先模式。可一个手环,对这一切一无所知,把这些醒来判为「碎片化」,给整夜盖上「睡得差」的章。下面这张图,画的就是这一盖章所转起来的那个环。
「orthosomnia」(完美睡眠强迫)由睡眠研究者 Kelly Glazer Baron 于 2017 年提出,指被追踪数据驱动、对「完美」睡眠的不健康执念;随着 Oura 戒指、WHOOP 手环把休息变成每晚一个分数,临床上这类病例正在增多。进化医学(尼斯与威廉斯《我们为什么生病》)替这场恐慌换了个框架:你的睡眠结构是被自然选择调好的,不是被一个 App。夜里醒来、睡得浅而断断续续,本就是祖先留下的正常模式——历史学家 Roger Ekirch 考证,人工照明之前「分段睡眠」相当普遍,对采集狩猎族群的研究也发现夜间频繁醒来——可穿戴设备却把这些判为「睡得差」。追一个完美分数是一种现代失配,而它催生的担忧,本身就能毁掉你正在追踪的那场睡眠。本文为科普非医疗建议;睡眠问题持续应就医,数据以原研究为准。
框架取自兰道夫·尼斯与乔治·威廉斯《我们为什么生病》——进化失配,以及「缺陷还是防御」之问。「orthosomnia」由 Kelly Glazer Baron 提出(2017);「第一觉/第二觉」的分段睡眠由历史学家 Roger Ekirch 考证。本文为科普非医疗建议;睡眠问题持续应就医,数据以原研究为准(该书中文底本为扫描文本,具体数据请以原书为准)。