Two Planets the Size of Jupiter, Lighter Than Cotton Candy — and How We Weighed Them Without Touching
June 29, 2026 · Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time~5 min read
Pull a fistful of cotton candy from the stick and feel how it weighs almost nothing — a pink cloud you could close your hand around. Now picture one the size of Jupiter, a ball of spun sugar eleven times wider than Earth, drifting somewhere out among the stars. That is, very nearly, the density of two real planets confirmed this June. We have never touched them. We have never seen their faces. And yet we know, to a decimal place, how little they weigh.
Two worlds lighter than candy floss
They are called TOI-791 b and TOI-791 c, and they circle a sun-like star roughly 1,110 light-years away, in the small southern constellation Volans — the flying fish. Both are about the size of Jupiter, the giant of our own system. But where Jupiter is dense enough to feel like a proper world, these two are barely there: TOI-791 b carries just 3.0 per cent of Jupiter's mass, its sibling 5.9 per cent. Run the arithmetic and their densities come out at roughly 0.038 and 0.047 grams per cubic centimetre — lower than candy floss, which sits near 0.05. One astronomer reached for an even homelier image: a nice blob of shaving foam, fresh from the can. Drop either planet into a wide enough sea and, in principle, it would float. They are the puffiest worlds we have ever found.
How do you weigh a world you can never touch?
Here is the question that should stop you. These planets lie more than a thousand light-years off; no probe will ever reach them, no scale will ever sit beneath them. So how can anyone say what they weigh? The answer comes in two movements, and the second is pure Hawking. First, size. When a planet drifts across the face of its star, it blocks a sliver of light, and the star dims by a fraction so small it takes a space telescope — NASA's TESS — to notice. The depth of that dip tells you how wide the planet is. But width is not weight; a balloon and a cannonball can be the same size. For the weight you need gravity. TOI-791 b and c orbit close enough to feel each other's pull, and every tug nudges the timing of their crossings — they arrive a little early, a little late, in a rhythm that quietly betrays their masses. From the flicker, the size. From the gentle shoving, the mass. Divide one into the other, and out falls the density.
Reading the June 2026 confirmation of two super-puff planets — TOI-791 b and c, about 1,110 light-years away, Jupiter-sized but only ~3.0% and ~5.9% of Jupiter's mass — through Hawking's A Brief History of Time: a transit gives a planet's size, the two planets tugging on each other's transit timing gives their mass, and size with mass yields a density (~0.038 and ~0.047 g/cm³) below cotton candy's ~0.05. How such worlds stay so puffed up is not yet settled. Figures as reported (Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society); popular-science interpretation, not a final word.
Gravity, the universal balance
This is where A Brief History of Time stops being a book about black holes and becomes a way of seeing. Of the four forces that run the universe, Hawking notes, gravity is by far the weakest — so faint that two people standing close feel no measurable pull between them. Yet gravity alone shapes the cosmos, because it is always attractive and reaches across any distance, patiently adding up. It is also, it turns out, the most honest scale we have. We did not measure these planets; we measured their gravity, and let the gravity confess their mass. The same force that weighs a star by how it wobbles, that weighs a galaxy by how fast it spins, here weighs a ball of gas lighter than a feather. We never see the thing itself. We read the pull and infer the rest — and we stay honest about the inferring. That humility, Hawking's whole method, is what lets us know a world we can never visit.
What we don't know yet
And then the wonderful part: we do not actually understand how a planet can be this thin. Something the size of Jupiter ought not to be able to stay so swollen and so light. The leading idea is that these worlds wrap themselves in enormous atmospheres of hydrogen and helium, gas making up a great share of their bulk — a puffed-up haze rather than a solid globe. But other explanations linger. Perhaps we are misreading a ring system as a wider disk. Perhaps the planets are young, still warm from their making, and have not yet contracted. The honest answer is that no one knows yet, and the team that found them has already lined up further observations to rule the possibilities out. We don't know yet — and that is not a gap to be ashamed of. It is the live edge of the work.
The edge of the word "solid"
So here is where we stand, looking up. More than a thousand light-years away, two balls of gas the size of Jupiter drift around their star, lighter than the cotton candy at a fair, light enough to float on water if only there were a sea wide enough to hold them. We will never go there. We learned their weight from starlight that dimmed by a whisper, and from two worlds nudging each other across the dark. The word "planet", the word "solid", stretch a little further than they did a month ago. And the most honest thing we can say about how they came to be is, happily, the most exciting thing too: we don't know yet.
We never touched them. We weighed their gravity instead.
The transit gives the size, the planets' mutual tug gives the mass — and out falls a density lighter than cotton candy.
Framework: Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time (gravity as the universal, long-range force; the humility of indirect measurement). News peg: the June 2026 confirmation of TOI-791 b and TOI-791 c, the largest "super-puff" planets yet — Jupiter-sized, ~3.0% and ~5.9% of Jupiter's mass, densities ~0.038 and ~0.047 g/cm³ (below cotton candy's ~0.05), reported in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. This is a popular-science interpretation; figures are as reported, and how super-puff planets form remains an open question, not settled fact.
它们叫 TOI-791 b 和 TOI-791 c,绕着一颗类太阳恒星转,离我们大约 1,110 光年,在南天一个小小的星座——飞鱼座里。两颗都跟木星差不多大,是我们太阳系里那个巨人的块头。可木星沉得像个实打实的世界,这俩却轻得几乎不存在:TOI-791 b 只有木星质量的 3.0%,它的兄弟也才 5.9%。把数算出来,密度大约是每立方厘米 0.038 克和 0.047 克——比棉花糖还低,棉花糖差不多在 0.05。有位天文学家干脆用了个更接地气的说法:一坨刚从罐子里挤出来的剃须泡沫。要是有一片够大的海,把它们扔进去,理论上能浮起来。这是我们迄今找到的、最「蓬松」的世界。
你怎么称一个永远摸不到的世界?
你想想看,这里头有件事该让你愣一下。这两颗行星在一千多光年之外,没有任何探测器到得了,没有任何一杆秤塞得到它们底下。那凭什么有人能说出它们多重?答案分两步走,第二步,正是霍金的看家本事。第一步,量大小。当一颗行星从它的恒星面前飘过,会挡住一丝光,恒星就暗下去那么一点点——小到要靠一台太空望远镜(NASA 的 TESS)才察觉得到。这道「光的凹陷」有多深,就告诉你这行星有多宽。可宽不等于重,一个气球和一颗炮弹可以一样大。要称重,你得借引力。TOI-791 b 和 c 离得够近,能感觉到彼此的拉扯,每一次拽,都把它们「路过」恒星的时刻往前或往后挪一点点——它们时而早到、时而迟到,这种节律悄悄出卖了它们的质量。从那一闪,得到大小;从那一推一搡,得到质量。两者一除,密度就掉了出来。
ここで、いちど立ち止まってほしい。この惑星は千光年以上のかなたにある。たどり着ける探査機はないし、その下に置ける秤もない。では、なぜ重さが言えるのか。答えは二つの動きでできていて、二つめがまさにホーキングの手つきだ。まず、大きさ。惑星が恒星の前を横切ると、光をほんのひとすじ遮り、恒星はわずかに暗くなる——宇宙望遠鏡(NASA の TESS)でなければ気づけないほどに。その「暗み」の深さが、惑星の幅を教える。だが幅は重さではない。風船と砲弾は、同じ大きさでありうる。重さには重力が要る。TOI-791 b と c は、たがいの引きを感じるほど近くを回っていて、その引きあいが、横切る時刻をほんの少し早めたり遅らせたりする——早く着き、遅れて着く、そのリズムが質量を漏らす。またたきから、大きさを。そっと押しあう仕草から、質量を。一方をもう一方で割れば、密度がこぼれ落ちる。
ホーキング『ホーキング、宇宙を語る』で、2026年6月に確認された二つのスーパーパフ惑星——TOI-791 b と c、約1,110光年の彼方、木星ほどの大きさで質量は木星の約3.0%と約5.9%——を読み解く。トランジットが惑星の大きさを、二つの惑星が互いの通過時刻を引きあうことが質量を与え、大きさと質量から密度(約0.038と0.047 g/cm³)が出る——綿菓子の約0.05を下回る。なぜこれほど膨らんでいられるかは、まだ分からない。数値は報道に基づく(『王立天文学会月報』)。本稿は科学解説であり、最終的な結論ではない。